FOOD METABOLISM AND OBESITY. REPORT 2 (CONSUMPTION, DEPOSIT, SPENDING)

Background. The high percentage of people with overweight and obesity is a social problem almost all over the world. 
The main cause of obesity is overeating. Understanding the pattern of gradual food intake, its expenditure and deposi-tion is the basis of rational nutrition.
Results. The lecture presents the order of macronutrient utilization in the process of abdominal and cellular digestion. 
It is shown that the utilization of proteins, lipids and polysaccharides occurs by changing sequential states: poly-mer ↔ monomer. The deposition of polymers and oxidation of monomers has organ specificity, while the deposition of glycogen is limited, and the deposition of fats is carried out proportionally to the excess of consumed macronutrients.
Under conditions of regular and frequent nutrition, the needs of the basal metabolism are provided by glycogenolysis and glycolysis. Under conditions of fasting and physical activity, fats become in demand, which through hydrolysis and subsequent oxidation of fatty acids, are converted into acetyl-CoA and are used in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. 
Under conditions of regular, excessive nutrition and low physical activity, adipocyte triglycerides are required by the body only for the basal metabolism.
The deposition of food organic by the human body ensures the continuous need of vital activity under conditions of peri-odic food intake. The deposited reserve guarantees the state of homeostasis. The volumes of carbohydrate deposition are strictly controlled, but the volumes of deposited fats can significantly exceed their reserve needs. Under conditions of frequent and abundant nutrition, adipocyte fats are practically not in demand by the body, and the excess of con-sumed proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are converted into fats.
The expenditure of nutrients consumed by a person is controlled by the basal metabolism, thermogenesis and psy-chophysical activity. People cannot control the basal metabolism. It ensures the very existence of a person (gas exchange, blood circulation, excretion, cellular homeostasis, etc.). A person can control the volume of food consump-tion and include expenditure on bursts of muscle activity – there are receptors for adrenaline in muscles. Adrenaline stimulates glycolysis in muscle cells and lipolysis in adipocytes. Increased physical activity and fasting are the only ways in which a person can “include” the expenditure of triglycerides.
Conclusion. When the body’s expenditure on basic metabolism, thermogenesis and psychophysical activity is satis-fied, the deposit system automatically, without our conscious participation, deposits triglycerides in volume of more than half of the dry body mass. There are simply no other ways to control food surpluses in the body. All food surpluses are deposited in fats.

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