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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bmjour</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Байкальский медицинский журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Baikal Medical Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-0715</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Irkutsk State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.57256/2949-0715-2023-2-65-76</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">bmjour-70</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Лекции для студентов, ординаторов и аспирантов</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Lectures for students, residents and postgraduates</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ВОСПАЛЕНИЕ – ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЙ ПАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ПРОЦЕСС: ЛЕКЦИЯ 2 (КЛЕТОЧНЫЕ РЕАКЦИИ)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>INFLAMMATION AS A FUNDAMENTAL PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS: LECTURE 2  (CELLULAR COMPONENT)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3328-4727</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серебренникова</surname><given-names>Светлана Николаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Serebrennikova</surname><given-names>Svetlana N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">sserebrennikova1980@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5982-3875</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семинский</surname><given-names>Игорь Жанович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Seminsky</surname><given-names>Igor Zh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">i.seminskiy.2016@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9005-1578</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гузовская</surname><given-names>Евгения Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Guzovskaiia</surname><given-names>Evgenia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">prokopyewa@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4217-0617</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гуцол</surname><given-names>Людмила Олеговна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gutsol</surname><given-names>Liudmila O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">l.gutsol@ismu.baikal.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО ИГМУ Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Irkutsk State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>65</fpage><lpage>76</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Серебренникова С.Н., Семинский И.Ж., Гузовская Е.В., Гуцол Л.О., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Серебренникова С.Н., Семинский И.Ж., Гузовская Е.В., Гуцол Л.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Serebrennikova S.N., Seminsky I.Z., Guzovskaiia E.V., Gutsol L.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.bmjour.ru/jour/article/view/70">https://www.bmjour.ru/jour/article/view/70</self-uri><abstract><p>Вторая часть лекции посвящена клеточным событиям, происходящим в очаге воспаления. Первыми клетками, мигрирующими в очаг воспаления, являются нейтрофилы, вторыми накапливаются моноциты, затем фибробласты. Такая последовательность определяется особенностями спектра хемоаттрактантов, присутствующих в очаге воспаления.</p><p>Миграция нейтрофилов инициируется тканевыми макрофагами, которые активируются при повреждении тканей и начинают секретировать цитокины, в первую очередь ИЛ-8 и ИЛ-1, которые обеспечивают адгезию нейтрофилов к сосудистой стенке и их дальнейший хемотаксис по градиенту этих цитокинов и других хемоаттрактантов. Различают несколько популяций нейтрофилов, из них в воспалении в основном участвуют нейтрофилы высокой плотности (зрелые клетки), а также нейтрофилы низкой плотности (незрелые клетки). С функциональной точки зрения нейтрофилы подразделяются на провоспалительные (N1) и иммуносупрессорные (N2), баланс между этими клетками очень важен для адекватного течения воспаления. Нейтрофилы начинают процесс уничтожения патогена и продуктов распада тканей. Кроме давно известного фагоцитоза, этот процесс осуществляется с помощью внеклеточных нейтрофильных ловушек, которые состоят из ДНК, гистонов и ферментов. Нейтрофилы в очаге воспаления синтезируют цитокины (ИЛ-1, ИЛ-6, ФНОα, Г-КСФ и другие), стимулирующие миграцию моноцитов и их дифференцировку в макрофаги. Активированные макрофаги подразделяются на две группы: классические провоспалительные М1 и альтернативные противовоспалительные М2. М1 участвуют в элиминации флогогена, обладают мощной цитотоксической и антимикробной активностью. М2 активно вырабатывают противовоспалительные цитокинов (ИЛ-10, ТФРβ, др.), ростовые факторы, стимулируют ангиогенез, процессы пролиферации фибробластов и образование внеклеточного матрикса. Фибробласты, привлеченные цитокинами макрофагов, завершают воспалительный процесс. Они синтезируют основное вещество соединительной ткани и обеспечивают процесс ее организации или формирование рубца. Нарушение регуляции клеточных реакций может лежать в основе хронизации воспаления.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The second part of the lecture describes cellular events occurring in the focus of inflammation. The first cells migrating to the focus of inflammation are neutrophils, the second are accumulate monocytes (macrophages), and the final cells of inflammation are fibroblasts. This sequence is determined by the spectrum of chemoattractants which are presented in the focus of inflammation.</p><p>Neutrophil migration is initiated by tissue macrophages, which are activated upon tissue damage and begin to secrete cytokines, primarily IL-8 and IL-1. These cytokines ensure neutrophil adhesion to the vascular wall and their further chemotaxis along the gradient of these cytokines and other chemoattractants. There are several populations of neutrophils. Inflammation mainly involves high density neutrophils (mature cells) and low density neutrophils (immature cells, e.g. band forms). From a functional point of view, neutrophils are divided into pro-inflammatory (N1) and immunosuppressive (N2), the balance between these cells is very important for an adequate course of inflammation. Neutrophils begin the process of destroying the pathogen and tissue damage products. In addition to the long-known phagocytosis, this process is carried out with the help of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), which consist of DNA, histones and lysosomal enzymes. Neutrophils in the focus of inflammation synthesize cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, G-CSF and others), which stimulate the migration of monocytes and their differentiation into macrophages. Activated macrophages are divided into two groups: classic pro-inflammatory M1 and alternative anti-inflammatory M2. M1 are involved in the elimination of pathogen. They have powerful cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. M2 macrophages produce anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGFβ, etc.), growth factors, they stimulate angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation processes and the formation of an extracellular matrix by fibroblasts. Fibroblasts, attracted by macrophage cytokines, complete the inflammatory process. They synthesize the basic substance of the connective tissue and provide the process of its organization. Dysregulation of cellular responses can underlie chronic inflammation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейтрофильные ловушки</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>нейтрофилы</kwd><kwd>макрофаги</kwd><kwd>репарация</kwd><kwd>фагоцитоз</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>neutrophils</kwd><kwd>macrophages</kwd><kwd>neutrophil extracellular traps</kwd><kwd>repair</kwd><kwd>phagocytosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гусев Е.Ю., Журавлёва Ю.А., Зотова Н.В. Взаимосвязь эволюции иммунитета и воспаления у позвоночных. Успехи современной биологии. 2019;139(1):59–74 [Gusev E.Yu., Zhuravleva Yu.A., Zotova N.V. Correlation of Immunity Evolution and Inflammation in Vertebrates. 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