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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bmjour</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Байкальский медицинский журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Baikal Medical Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-0715</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Irkutsk State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.57256/2949-0715-2025-4-3-84-94</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">bmjour-314</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ПАТОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ И ПАТОМОРФОЛОГИЯ ЛЕГКИХ У ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЕЙ ЭЛЕКТРОННЫХ СРЕДСТВ ДОСТАВКИ НИКОТИНА: КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ И ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ДАННЫЕ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOMORPHOLOGY OF THE LUNGS IN USERS OF ELECTRONIC NICOTINE DELIVERY DEVICES: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9005-1578</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гузовская</surname><given-names>Евгений Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Guzovskaia</surname><given-names>Evgenia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент, доцент кафедры патологической физиологии и клинической лабораторной диагностики</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), associate professor of the Department of Pathological Physiology and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">prokopyewa@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4217-0617</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гуцол</surname><given-names>Людмила Олеговна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gutsol</surname><given-names>Lyudmila O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., доцент, доцент кафедры патологической физиологии и клинической лабораторной диагностики</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Pathological Physiology and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gutzol@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3328-4727</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серебренникова</surname><given-names>Светлана Николаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Serebrennikova</surname><given-names>Svetlana N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент, доцент кафедры патологической физиологии и клинической лабораторной диагностики</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), associate professor of the Department of Pathological Physiology and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sserebrennikova1980@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5982-3875</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семинский</surname><given-names>Игорь Жанович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Seminskiy</surname><given-names>Igor Zh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой патологической физиологии и клинической лабораторной диагностики</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Pathological Physiology and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i.seminskiy.2016@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дмитриева</surname><given-names>Людмила Аркадьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dmitrieva</surname><given-names>Lyudmila A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., заведующая лабораторией клинической диагностики</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Laboratory of Clinical Diagnostics</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Иркутский государственный медицинский университет, Иркутск</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Irkutsk State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Иркутский государственный медицинский университет, Иркутск</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>84</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гузовская Е.В., Гуцол Л.О., Серебренникова С.Н., Семинский И.Ж., Дмитриева Л.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гузовская Е.В., Гуцол Л.О., Серебренникова С.Н., Семинский И.Ж., Дмитриева Л.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Guzovskaia E.V., Gutsol L.O., Serebrennikova S.N., Seminskiy I.Z., Dmitrieva L.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.bmjour.ru/jour/article/view/314">https://www.bmjour.ru/jour/article/view/314</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. В настоящее время употребление табака и табачных изделий приобрело характер мировой эпидемии, а количество ассоциированных с этой вредной привычкой заболеваний неуклонно растет. В последние 20 лет во всем мире появилась тенденция замены традиционных сигарет на электронные, позиционируемые маркетологами как менее вредные. Эти устройства, будучи модными и современными, стали особенно популярными у подростков и молодежи. Тем не менее, у пользователей электронных систем доставки никотина были зарегистрированы случаи тяжелой патологии легких, в том числе с летальным исходом.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Проанализировать и структурировать данные о способах электронной доставки никотина в организм, а также о патогенезе повреждения легких различными жидкостями для «парения».</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Наиболее патогенным действием на организм пользователей обладают многоразовые устройства, особенно при использовании жидкостей, содержащих тетрагидроканнабинол, но даже безникотиновые составы не являются безвредными для здоровья. В аэрозолях электронных жидкостей найдены более 30 различных веществ с потенциально вредным действием на организм. В большинстве случаев картина повреждения легких у «вейперов» представлена развитием диффузного альвеолярного повреждения, в патогенезе которого участвуют как прямое повреждение ткани химическими веществами, так и нарушение иммунного ответа и механизмов воспаления. Пользователи электронных сигарет демонстрируют преобладание провоспалительного фенотипа макрофагов, избыток провоспалительных цитокинов и недостаток противовоспалительных. У вейперов, использующих жидкости на основе тетрагидроканнабинола в тканях легких и бронхоальвеолярном лаваже обнаруживаются пенистые макрофаги, накапливающие ацетат витамина Е. Также у пользователей электронных средств доставки никотина были выявлены множественные нарушения экспрессии генов макрофагами, а также различные повреждения дезоксирибонуклеиновой кислоты в клетках эпителия слизистой оболочки полости рта, что может являться инициирующим фактором в развитии злокачественных новообразований и других видов патологии. В экспериментах на мышах было  показано, что замена обычного табачного дыма на электронный аэрозоль не улучшает состояние легочной ткани у мышей, а ингаляция аэрозолей, содержащих никотин, сопровождается повышением функций тромбоцитов.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Электронные средства доставки никотина не являются безопасной заменой обычных сигарет. Более того, повреждающее действие оказывают даже безникотиновые составы.</p></sec><sec><title>Ключевые слова</title><p>Ключевые слова: курение; ПЛАВЭС; EVALI; макрофаги; ацетат витамина Е; повреждение легких.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. Currently, the use of tobacco and tobacco products has acquired the character of a global epidemic, and the number of diseases associated with this harmful habit is steadily growing. In the last 20 years, a trend has emerged worldwide to replace traditional cigarettes with electronic ones, positioned by marketers as less harmful. These devices, being fashionable and modern, have become especially popular among teenagers and young people. However, cases of severe lung pathology, including fatal ones, have been reported in users of electronic nicotine delivery systems.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To analyze and structure data on methods of electronic delivery of nicotine to the body, as well as on the pathogenesis of lung damage from various liquids for "vaping".</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Reusable devices have the most pathogenic effect on the body of users, especially when using liquids containing tetrahydrocannabinol, but even nicotine-free liquids are not harmless to health. More than 30 different substances with a potentially harmful effect on the body have been found in the aerosols of electronic liquids. In most cases, the picture of lung damage in "vapers" is represented by the development of diffuse alveolar damage, the pathogenesis of which involves both direct tissue damage by chemicals and a violation of the immune response and inflammatory mechanisms. E-cigarette users demonstrate a predominance of the pro-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages, an excess of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a lack of anti-inflammatory ones. Vapers using liquids based on tetrahydrocannabinol have foamy macrophages in the lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage that accumulate vitamin E acetate. Also, users of electronic nicotine delivery systems have been found to have multiple disturbances in gene expression by macrophages, as well as various damages to deoxyribonucleic acid in the epithelial cells of the oral mucosa, which may be an initiating factor in the development of malignant neoplasms and other types of pathology. In experiments on mice, it was shown that replacing conventional tobacco smoke with electronic aerosol does not improve the condition of the lung tissue in mice, and inhalation of aerosols containing nicotine is accompanied by an increase in platelet function.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Electronic nicotine delivery systems are not a safe replacement for regular cigarettes. Moreover, even nicotine-free fluids have a damaging effect.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>курение</kwd><kwd>ПЛАВЭС</kwd><kwd>EVALI</kwd><kwd>макрофаги</kwd><kwd>повреждение легких</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>smoking</kwd><kwd>EVALI</kwd><kwd>macrophages</kwd><kwd>lung damage</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Информационный бюллетень «Табак» [Organization WH. Tobacco. (In Russ.)] URL: https://www.who.int/europe/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/item/tobacco [дата доступа 08.08.2025]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Информационный бюллетень «Табак» [Organization WH. Tobacco. 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